language en

Helmholtz Digitisation Ontology

Latest version:
https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/hdo.owl
Authors:
Said Fathalla
Gerrit Günther
Leon Steinmeier
Christine Lemster
Pier Luigi Buttigieg
Volker Hofmann
Contributors:
Dorothee Kottmeier
Pedro Videgain Barranco
Lakxmi Sivapatham
Imported Ontologies:
bfo_import.owl
iao_import.owl
ro_import.owl
Download serialization:
JSON-LD RDF/XML N-Triples TTL
License:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Visualization:
Visualize with WebVowl
Ontology Specification Draft

Abstract

The Helmholtz Digitisation Ontology (HDO) provides precise and comprehensive semantics of the concepts and practices used to manage digital assets such as research data. It is developed in alignment with the practices and conventions of the OBO Foundry and released as a machine readable artifact with high semantic expressiveness. HDO is developed by the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration (HMC).

Introduction back to ToC

The Helmholtz Association is actively digitizing research outcomes to drive progress and innovation. The large amounts of digital data and metadata are heterogeneous with respect to their formats as well as their semantic descriptions used for creation, storage, and exchange. A semantic frame of reference is required to facilitate interoperability throughout the Helmholtz digital ecosystem. The Helmholtz Digitization Ontology (HDO) is a mid-level ontology that contains concepts representing digital assets relevant to the Helmholtz digital ecosystem, data creation, management, and exchange. HDO is developed within the framework of the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration (HMC) with contributors from various scientific backgrounds. This leads to intrinsic harmonization of the output across these domains. Based on that, HDO serves as a harmonized and machine-actionable institutional reference that represents digital assets and procedures pertinent to their handling within Helmholtz.

Namespace declarations

Table 1: Namespaces used in the document
[Ontology NS Prefix] <https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/hdo.owl>
ns <http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns>
owl <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl>
oboInOwl <http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl>
dce <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1>
xsd <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema>
orcid1 <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5149-603>
skos <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core>
rdfs <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema>
orcid <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-636>
rdf <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns>
xml <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
dcterms <http://purl.org/dc/terms>
obo <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo>

Helmholtz Digitisation Ontology: Overview back to ToC

This ontology has the following classes and properties.

Classes

Object Properties

Annotation Properties

Named Individuals

Cross-reference for Helmholtz Digitisation Ontology classes, object properties and data properties back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by Helmholtz Digitisation Ontology.

Classes

accessibilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00004001

A disposition of data which is realised when that data is retrieved.
The process of accessing may include one or more digital systems and their interaction.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000016
has sub-classes
accessibility according to the FAIR principles c

accessibility according to the FAIR principlesc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00004002

An accessibility which is realised when data and related metadata can be retrieved (1) using a standardized, open, free, and universally implementable communications protocol, (2) by dereferencing that data's globally unique and persistent identifier, and when (3) the retrieval of related metadata is permanently possible.
Data which is only accessible to a few agents (e.g. those with access rights) can adhere to the FAIR principles. Further, data can be lost or deleted while the metadata is still accessible (e.g. as with a tombstone metadata record); in this case, the metadata is accessible, while the data is not.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
accessibility c

agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006007

A entity which realises an agent role.
For now we choose to place this as a subclass of entity as there are some classes in our hieararchy above continuant that could also be acting as agents. Once the hierarchy is clearned up, we can re-discuss and consider moving this class to continuant.
has super-classes
b f o 0000001 c
has sub-classes
human agent c, software agent c
is in range of
grants permission to op, guides op

agent rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006022

A role which inheres in an continuant and is realised when that continuant acts upon some entity.
has super-classes
b f o 0000023

application softwarec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001020

Software which communicates between users and system software to direct hardware operations.
When using a computer users might not be aware that their actions guide hardware operations. Hardware operations include the operation of RAM or the CPU. Hardware operation can thus be considered unavoidable when operating a computer. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
software c

authenticationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006003

A planned process during which one or more properties of an entity are confirmed.
In contrast with identification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity.
Example
CAPTCHA tests
fingerprints
logging in to a system
has super-classes
planned process c

authorizationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006005

A planned process during which the rights to access some resource within a system are given to some agent.
has super-classes
planned process c

calibration processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00005001

A planned process during which a device is adjusted to produce measurements which correspond to expected values or intervals.
The process of device calibration is carried out by either 1) measuring a set of reference materials with known properties with the device or, 2) by using a second device to measure the behavior or properties of the device.
has super-classes
planned process c

classc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001041

A set, whose members have one or more attributes in common.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428

classification systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000002

A system which is capable of assigning entities to one or more classes based on their attributes.
The structure, technical construction and level of detail of the here mentioned system, as well as the nature of the process which assigns a given entity to one or more classes, might differ considerably depending on the content and the context of the system, the entities that are classified and the attributes the classification is based on.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-688X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
system c
has sub-classes
data type classification system c, semantic ladder c

cloud storagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001040

A digital repository which is hosted on and managed by a cloud-based system.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
digital repository c

cloud-based systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001042

A system which (1) consists of a single server or a federated network of servers operating as a single coherent digital system, and (2) can be accessed from multiple locations.
In many cases, cloud-based systems are accessible via the internet. However, in some cases where security or web-access issues are barriers (e.g. in the military or in the health sectors, or on field missions) this might not be the case. Cloud-based systems may and often do use distributed solutions to offer to compute infrastructure, storage, and other services. Distributed systems create redundancy, which often provides increased reliability. Resources might be distributed and joined in logical pools, e.g. for data storage. Access for the user may be offered via a GUI, a client, or an API. The physical environment as well as the software used to manage a cloud-based system, may be offered by a host or cloud service provider.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
system c

community of practicec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001009

A human community which (1) has members that are involved in related planned processes and (2) share knowledge about these processes through regular interaction.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
human community c
is in domain of
exchanges op

computational modelc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001067

A model which is formalised in order to be executed or resolved.
The bearer of the computational model might be a mathematical formula such as a differential equation (e.g. predicting dynamics of a parameter over some dimension such as time). A model may be used in a process such as a computational modelling to generate simulation data.
has super-classes
model c

computational modellingc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001068

A planned process during which a computational model is executed or resolved to estimate the existence, identity, properties or behaviour of an entity.
has super-classes
planned process c

computational variablec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001006

An abstract data type which specifies how a symbolic representation is associated with a computational value that may change over time.
This term can be defined on very different levels. On (1) an general, abstract level (2) at the level of the specification within a given programming language (e.g. "JAVA variable") (3) at the level of an instance that is used in a specific piece of code (e.g. $foo). The definition here aims at the most general level, the others can be defined if necessary. A key concept is the fact that a variable maintains its identity while the associated value may change over time (i.e. when a computer program is executed and running). How this is (technically) achieved on implementation level (on the level (2) & (3)) is programming language specific.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-7497
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
data type c
is in domain of
interacts with op

contextual metadatac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000003

Metadata which describe entities and circumstances involved in or influencing the generation, modification, or other processing of data, which are not part of the data itself.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-0762
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1008-4530
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-954X
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-2853
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-688X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
metadata c
has members
environmental conditions ni, model parameters ni, protocol IRIs ni, sensor type ni

controlled listc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006021

A list whose elements are curated by one or more entities.
has super-classes
list c

controlled vocabularyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002001

A vocabulary which only includes terms that have been deliberately selected by its authors and/or maintainers.
The methodology used to construct a controlled vocabulary should be documented to verify that the term collection is indeed controlled by it. Controlled vocabularies should address the issues with homographs, synonyms and polysemes by a bijection between concepts and authorized terms. In short, controlled vocabularies reduce ambiguity inherent in normal human language where the same concept can be given different names and ensure consistency.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
vocabulary c

copyrightc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001076

Legal right which inheres in an entity by virtue of being the owner, creator or inventor of another entity, and which permits the first entity to (1) copy, alter, delete, or reuse the other entity and to (2) pass on copyrights in full or partially to a third entity.
Copyright is intended to secure the ideal and commercial interest of an entity over its intellectual property. That is typically an entity being the creator of another entity, for example the author typically holds the copyright for a text written by him/her. In research, expecially in cases of research data that is recorded in large infrastructures copyright is often not held soly by the creator of the data but also by the insittution where the data was recorded, the owner of the instruments that were used to record the data, or else. In these cases copyright might and should be pre-determined through explicit agreement (e.g. within employment or usage contracts) and be made explicit through licnensing of the data. Copyright is a legal matter, and this class and its definition are not authoritative.

datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000009

A generally dependent contiuant which is the encoding of a signifier.
TODO Integrate this A collection of signs, signals, symbols, or other signifiers (e.g. numbers, characters in a known alphabet, strings with an assigned meaning, known graphical symbols, viewable images) which (1) represent one or more entities or their properties and (2) have been recorded in a manner that allows their transmission. An example: A collection of numbers which represent radio waves and have been recorded on a hard drive. The numbers are the signs mentioned above. The radio waves are also signals but not the ones mentioned above. Colloquially, "data" is sometimes used to refer to anything that can be perceived. Here, however, we require that those sense-impressions are encoded such that they can be recorded, transmitted, and understood by at least one agent. ').
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-818X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
is equivalent to
b f o 0000031 and (r o 0002353 some encoding process c and (r o 0002233 some signifier c))
has super-classes
b f o 0000031
has sub-classes
FAIR data c, metadata c, object data c, open data c, programmatic value c, qualitative data c, quantitative data c, subject data c
is in domain of
serialized as op
is in range of
accesses op, acts upon op, assigns data type to op, generates op, handles op, i a o 0000136 op, stores op

data analysisc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007002

A planned process through which information about an entity is inferred, extracted from data.
The output of the analysis process may either be a transformed version of the input data or created de novo during the analysis process in both cases it need to serve an information role. We also consider signifiers to be a possible output of data analysis. This is described by the following example. During the MRI the magnetic signals are measured. These are analyzed from an image that can be considered data. Also it can be considered a signifier as only further analysis by a doctor (or a machine agent) a tissue damage can be diagnosed. In any case the output has to serve an information role for the process to be considered data analysis. In this example the input data is transformed during the analysis process in order to become informative.
has super-classes
planned process c

data formatc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000114

A specification which defines the rules (e.g. syntax, grammar and/or vocabulary) that can be used to encode data.
A data format typically defines has organizational parts as well as syntax in which data is represented. Data formats are sometimes also referred to as "languages" or "data languages" (as opposed to "programming language". Examples are Markup, YAML, JSON or XML.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
specification c
has sub-classes
JSON c, JSON Schema specification c, OWL c, XML c, YAML c

data infrastructurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002029

An information technology infrastructure which supports the handling of data.
Actions connected to the handling of data include storage, processing, sharing, retrieval, integration, consumption, etc. This term can be broadly interpreted. This could include e.g. IT infrastructure, personnel, buildings.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
information technology infrastructure c

data lakec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001039

A digital repository which is centralised and allows the storage of data as-is.
In this context, "centralised" suggests that - from the user perspective - the repository behaves as a cohesive whole and that there is a single point of access. Data stored in the data lake does not have to conform to any pre- defined schema, and may be structured or unstructured. Users can pull arbitrary data from the data lake for downstream purposes, but will likely have to curate or modify it to be suitable for cross-comparison or other downstream actions A data lake usually prioritises the preservation of large quantities of data (over, for example, curating it to a high standard of interoperability) and make it available for further processing downstream, if desired. Hosted data might be e.g. raw copies of source system data, sensor data, etc.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
digital repository c

data management planc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002009

A plan specification pertaining to the handling of data.
Data management plans often conform to standardised templates, however, many are ad hoc or informal.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4322-180X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
plan specification c
has members
data analysis plan ni, data curation plan ni, data handling plan ni, data processing plan ni, data recording plan ni, data storage plan ni, data validation plan ni

data opennessc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001035

A quality which inheres in data, by virtue of (1) the absence of restrictions - monetary, technical, or otherwise - upon their use, (2) the data being hosted in a repository which allows, in whole or in part, the free access to them, (3) the data containing all information required for license compliance, and (4) the data being serialised in such a way as to readily allow identification of, access to, and modification of their parts.
We might need a separate definition for "open" that also applies to entities like software (could be data) and license (or "license openness"). We note that the term "open" is used in various fields with differing meanings. While the given definition here is applicable to terms, such as open data (for research data) or open-source software (for program code), it should be differentiated from the meaning of the term open access (in publishing). The latter has fewer constraints with respect to e.g., hosting, format and re-use. The absence of legal restriction for re-use can be ensured by making sure that the data or software in question as well as the format it is stored in are under a license specifying permission to re-use and modify, such as e.g. CC-BY. The requirements to cite the source are not seen as a restriction on re-use or modification in the sense of the given definition here. Covering reasonable one-time reproduction costs (e.g., fees to cover the costs when ordering a physical medium containing the requested data or software) is not seen as a monetary restriction in the sense of this definition.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000019

data setc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001037

A generically dependent continuant which is composed always of multiple data instances, which are grouped intentionally according to one or more common characteristics.
Intention may be related to analysis, storage or publication of that data(set). For example, all files that are stored together on one CD-ROM or DVD might constitute a dataset as they are stored physically together. The organisation of the collection might strongly differ between application cases.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-818X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000031
has sub-classes
list c, structured data c

data sourcec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000004

An entity which realizes a data source role.
A broad range of material & non-material entities could be data sources, this class should be populated by inference. Examples of material entities that can behave as data sources are: scientific instruments, measuring devices, experimental setups, hard drives containing the results of simulation software and databases. The term data source is widely used in relation to databases but, because of the nature of HMC, a more general definition that can also be applied in the context of scientific research is provided.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000001 c
is in domain of
generates op

data source rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007015

A role which inheres in an entity and is realised when this entity allows data to be accessed in a planned process.
The accessed data is in fact a concretization of data. Please see comment in HDO_00006031 "data storage role"
has super-classes
b f o 0000023

data storage rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006031

A role which inheres in an entity and is realised when this entity retains a concretization of data on hardware over time in a planned process.
"A concretisation of some data" can be read as "a copy of some data": the concretisation in the definition refers to data being a generally dependent continuant, which can have multiple concretisations at a time. If the here mentioned concretisation in a given data store seizes to exist, the data might still exist elsewhere.
has super-classes
b f o 0000023

data storec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006030

An entity which realises a data storage role.
has super-classes
b f o 0000001 c
is in domain of
stores op

data storingc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006032

A planned process during which a concretization of data is retained for a defined amount of time in a data store.
Regarding the term "concretization" in the definition please see comment in HDO_00006031 "data storage role".
has super-classes
planned process c

data structure specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007025

A specification which pertains to the structuredness of one or more data sets.
The data structure specificaiton defines how parts or components of a data set are arranged and relate to each other. It does not comprise information regarding the syntax that data is represented in (data format) or the serialization of how that data is stored within a system (file format).
has super-classes
specification c
has sub-classes
database specification c, dictionary specification c, digital object specification c, graph specification c, key-value pair specification c, list specification c, taxonomy specification c, triple specification c

data typec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000007

A specification which defines (1) a set of valid values which data can conform to, and (2) a set of valid operations that can be carried out on that data.
The data type of data (often as a machine-readable attribute associated with that data) constrains operations that can or should be done on that data and the way the values of that data may be stored. When assigned to variables or objects in computer programming, a data type dictates what kind of data those variables and objects can hold. Data types can be expressed in a formal language to define abstract data types which are independent of concrete implementation. Data types may be assigned incorrectly, thus conformance to the data type is more of an assertion than a guarantee. If the assertion is incorrect, the data type is no longer information, rather it is misinformation.
has super-classes
specification c
has sub-classes
computational variable c, string c
has members
Boolean ni, character ni, date ni, double ni, floating-point number ni, long ni, short ni, void ni

data type classification systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000006

A classification system used to assign data types to data.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-688X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
classification system c

data type informationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006025

Information which identifies the data type of some data based on data typing.
has super-classes
information c
is in domain of
assigns data type to op

data type validationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007042

A validation during which it is determined whether some data conforms to some data type.
Data type validation is typically used in programming where it is assessed whether some data conforms to e.g. the rules of the data type string, boolean, list, integer or else.
has super-classes
validation c

data typingc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000008

A planned process during which data are assigned to a category in a data type classification system.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-688X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
planned process c

data warehousec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001038

A database system which has (1) been optimised to support a defined set of analyses and (2) stores data in a predefined structure using standards and conventions.
In the design process of a DW the purpose of the DW should be at its core. This differentiates it from a generic database which could be multi-purpose or simply used for storing structured data without a specific application in mind (e.g. for creating analytical reports, real time operational reporting).
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
database system c

databasec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000107

Structured data which has structuredness conforming to a database specification.
Because of the close relationship between them, the term "database" is often used casually to refer to both a database and the database management system used to manipulate it. Here, we use the term to refer to any organised collection of data that forms the basis of some activity and the term "database system" to describe the combination of a database and a database management system. It is generally assumed that the organisation of data in a database will enhance efficiency of operations such as search, retrieval, update, and auditing. These actions are usually performed through a database management system.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
has super-classes
structured data c

database management systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000106

Software which enables agents to interact with one or more databases using functions that allow access, modification, storage, retrieval, and (re)organization of data.
It may be necessary to revisit these terms once "system" is added to the glossary. Because of the close relationship between them, the term "database" is often used casually to refer to both a database and the DBMS used to manipulate it
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
software c
has sub-classes
triple store c

database specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007037

A data structure specification which requires a data set to be (1) collected in a centralised manner and (2) organized in a consistent structure.
Because of the close relationship between them, the term "database" is often used casually to refer to both a database and the database management system used to manipulate it. Here, we use the term to refer to any organised collection of data that forms the basis of some activity and the term "database system" to describe the combination of a database and a database management system. It is generally assumed that the organisation of data in a database will enhance efficiency of operations such as search, retrieval, update, and auditing. These actions are usually performed through a database management system.
has super-classes
data structure specification c

database systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000109

A system which is composed of (1) one or more databases and (2) a database management system.
Any data that is stored in a database system is typically cleaned, enriched, and transformed so it complies with the database schema (the extract-transform-load). The term database is often used colloquially to refer to a database system. Here, we try to unpack and reconcile terms that are, informally, often used interchangeably.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
system c
has sub-classes
data warehouse c, digital repository c

de facto standard specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001002

A standard specification which is or has been widely adopted and implemented within a community of practice.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
standard specification c

de jure standard specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001003

A standard specification which must be met in order to comply with a requirement issued by a competent legal authority.
In order to be considered de jure, there must be some legally binding mechanism which declares that some standard specification must be used for a given purpose. This will naturally vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union includes a legally binding specification of the standard metadata that must be present in a privacy policy. This is in the form of, for example, a template for privacy policies: https://gdpr.eu/privacy-notice/
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
standard specification c

DEPRECATED data structurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001055

This is integrated into structured data.
Is deprecated
true

DEPRECATED hardwarec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001054

DEPRECATED The term hardware is used complementary to the term software (which controls hardware actions). A personal computer can be considered a typical data processing system. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Is deprecated
true

DEPRECATED structural qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000117

DEPRECATED TODO: see discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/88
Is deprecated
true

DEPRECATED unstructuredc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000121

DEPRECATED TODO: see discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/88
Is deprecated
true

dereferenceabilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000010

A disposition which (1) inheres in a pointer and (2) is realised through dereferencing.
Informally, some data stored in a computer's memory is dereferenceable when it can be accessed by a machine and, using the location information stored inside it, used to find other data or information. Once it is used in this way, it has been dereferenced.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4322-180X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000016

dereferencingc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000011

A process during which a pointer is operated upon in order to access the memory address it stores.
Informally, dereferencing happens when data stored in a computer's memory is accessed and used by a machine to find other data or information.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000015

dictionaryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007032

Structured data which has structuredness conforming to a dictionary specification.
has super-classes
semantic artefact c

dictionary specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007028

A data structure specification which requires some data to consist of a set of key-value pairs with unique keys.
has super-classes
data structure specification c

digital ecosystemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000012

A system which (1) includes - as components - distributed, independent digital technologies and a human community which interact with them, (2) develops through interaction between its components, from which common norms and culture emerge, (3) is maintained by adaptive self-organisation of its parts as they become a part of or leave the system.
Digital ecosystems display many of the same properties of ecological systems in terms of creation, change, and destruction of niches, competition for niche space, symbiotic and predatory interactions, food web and energy transfer dynamics, etc. The definition above does not include the aspects of sustainability or scalability mentioned in the Wikipedia source, as these are both ambiguous terms and also not necessarily part of every digital ecosystem (which may be transient or have strong barriers to scalability [e.g. cost]). Further, we restrict this definition to those digital ecosystems which have human agents as parts, omitting systems that can react to the behaviours of other organisms (e.g. automated control of constructed animal enclosures or artificial habitats).
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
system c

digital infrastructurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002030

An information technology infrastructure which is only composed of digital assets.
Digital assets can be e.g. core data sets or proprietary data. TODO: Create definition for digital asset. First draft: digital entity which has a known value.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
information technology infrastructure c
is disjoint with
hardware c

digital knowledgec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001034

Knowledge, which has been encoded in a machine-readable and actionable form.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
knowledge c

digital objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000013

Structured data which has structuredness conforming to a digital object specification.
An entity which includes attributes of an object and may also include methods that perform operations on it. TODO: needs final approval
has super-classes
structured data c
has sub-classes
FAIR digital object c

digital object specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007038

A data structure specification which requires a data set to minimally contain (1) subject data, (2) metadata about that subject data, and (3) a globally unique identifier which, when dereferenced, allows an agent to access the data set itself.
has super-classes
data structure specification c

digital repositoryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000108

A database system which is used to store and preserve digital assets following a policy or rule set that defines the storage and access norms.
A repository includes digital storage locations as well as some form of software used to manage digital assets. A repository can, itself, contain another repository. For example, a data lake can contain a database within it.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
database system c
has sub-classes
cloud storage c, data lake c

digital systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001017

A system which consists of components that are digital.
A digital system could be a digital repository which consists of digital components such as a database management system and a database.
has super-classes
system c
has sub-classes
FAIR digital system c, file system c

Digital technologyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006018

Technology which is digital.
has super-classes
technology c

directed acyclic graphc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000014

A directed graph which has structuredness conforming to a directed acyclic graph specification.
Some graphs contain more than one edge type. If there are no graphical cycles encountered when following graphical paths composed of edges of the same type, these are often considered DAGs.
has super-classes
directed graph c
has sub-classes
ontological graph c

directed acyclic graph specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007034

A directed graph specification which requires a directed graph data set to not contain any graphical cycles which consist of edges of the same type.
has super-classes
directed graph specification c
has sub-classes
ontological graph specification c

directed edgec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000015

An edge with an ordered pair of nodes.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
edge c

directed graphc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000016

A graph which has structuredness conforming to a directed graph specification.
The directional constraints on graph edges define ordered paths across the graph.
has super-classes
graph c
has sub-classes
directed acyclic graph c

directed graph specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007033

A graph specification which requires the edges in a graph to be directed edges.
has super-classes
graph specification c
has sub-classes
directed acyclic graph specification c

edgec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000017

A connection of nodes in a graph.
This is the superclass. If necessary a ordinary edge (2 nodes) or hyperedge (more than that) can be defined as subclasses. Each edge has two (or in hypergraphs, more) vertices to which it is attached, called its endpoints.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has sub-classes
directed edge c

encoding processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001010

A planned process during which a signifier is represented in a form that can be transmitted and understood by at least one agent.
The forms chosen for this representation should belong to a standardized system of notation that is understood by at least one agent.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-818X
has super-classes
planned process c

executable softwarec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001044

Software which is encoded in a form that allows it to be processed and acted upon by a processing unit without prior interpretation or compilation.
We note that during further development of the artefact the term executable will likely have to be defined specifically (i.e. as a disposition or property). TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
software c

FAIR datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002013

Data which are capable of realising the dispositions of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability as specified in the FAIR Principles.
See definitions of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
data c

FAIR digital objectc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000018

A digital object which conforms to a system-specific implementation of the FAIR Principles.
Individual parts may not comply with the FAIR principles on their own. The HMC's interpretation of the FAIR Principles for implementation purposes is cited in the seeAlso attribute of this class, when published.
has super-classes
digital object c

FAIR digital systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002014

A digital system which, when processing data, is capable of realising - simultaneously or separately - the dispositions of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability as specified in the FAIR Principles.
See definitions of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
digital system c

FAIR principlesc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002022

An objective specification which (1) defines requirements for a digital entity to be considered findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, and (2), when fulfilled, considers that entity to be a member of the group of FAIR digital entities.
See definitions of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
i a o 0000005 c

FAIRnessc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001027

A quality which inheres in data, by virtue of that data having the dispositions of findability, accessibility, interoperability and re-usability according to the FAIR principles.
We note that, an absolute measure for FAIRness is not possible. This is because FAIRness will always depend on specific application cases or operational environments. The FAIR Principles are, after all, high-level principles. Several projects have implemented quantitative and semi-quantitative measures of FAIRness, but these measures also require specific implementations and/or interpretations of the FAIR Principles. While some aspects of the FAIR principles can be measured in absolute terms (i.e. is there a PID?) others (i.e. is the metadata rich?) require advanced foreknowledge of a representative sample of possible application cases.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000019

filec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000116

Structured data which is serialised in a way to conform with a file format.
Because within this ontology we define file in the sense of digital files (i.e. not paper-files) we deliberately use exact synonyms like "computer file" in this class. A file does not need to be stored in a computer, it can be stored in any medium, as long as it can be transfer to a computer memory. A file are associated with a abstract file type and a file format. Files constitutes a identifiable and logically coherent information entities. They can be stored in a computer memory, or any other digital medium. TODO: see discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/88
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
structured data c
has sub-classes
JSON file c, XML file c

file formatc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001078

A specification which defines how data is to be serialized as a defined unit for handling within a file system.
A file format specifies serialization for storage. There are data formats like XML, JSON that can be stored with file name extensions and therefore might in practice be used in the sense of a file format. On a hardware-level, parts of a file might be stored in different locations in a discontinuous fashion. Typically files follow a defined file format to be usable by software and may include a file signature that minimally identifies the file format. Files are typically handled with some file system. For digital files that would typically be the file system of the operating system.
has super-classes
specification c
has sub-classes
proprietary file format c
is in range of
serialized as op
has members
ASCII ni, BIN ni, JPEG ni, TIFF ni

file name extensionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001051

A string which (1) is part of a file name and (2) indicates the file format.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
string c

file systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001077

A digital system which comprises structured data, (meta)data, and software and which allows a computer to store, organise, and access structured data.
Metadata stored in a file system is associated with files and may include the file name, the length of the contents of a file, and the location of the file in the folder hierarchy—separate from the contents of the file. A file system differs from other forms of data management systems (e.g a database management system) in that file systems supports and/or requires, e.g., filenames, filename extensions, magic numbers, and other unique components. These components result in markedly different user experiences when accessing structured data through such systems.
has super-classes
digital system c

findabilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001007

A disposition which inheres in data and which is realised when that data is accurately identified through a digital system's search or discovery functions.
Queries to find data may be either primarily directed towards associated metadata (i.e. most likely when it comes to larger data sets with complex structure) or directed towards the data itself (i.e. most likely in cases where data can be easily exposed as text). An example for the latter might be the search for a specific gene sequence. The result of such a query might then however be connected to metadata for further filtering the results. This definition is for the findability of data in a general sense. A more specific situation applies to findability according to the FAIR principles which is defined elsewhere.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000016
has sub-classes
findability according to the FAIR principles c

findability according to the FAIR principlesc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001008

Findability which inheres in data that is associated with (1) a globally unique persistent identifier and (2) rich metadata.
Please refer to the definition of "rich metadata" as well as general "findability" defined elsewhere.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
findability c

firmwarec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001047

Software which is embedded in hardware components to direct basic hardware functions or provide hardware abstraction services to higher-level software.
In some cases, the involved hardware might be so simple or minimal, that it can be operated exclusively through firmware - in such a case firmware would act as the operating system of the device in question. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
software c

glossaryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002002

A terminology which associates terms with explanations of their meanings (i.e. glosses).
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
terminology c

graphc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000020

Structured data which has structuredness conforming to a graph specification.
has super-classes
semantic artefact c
has sub-classes
directed graph c, knowledge graph c
is in domain of
has expressiveness op

graph specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007029

A data structure specification which requires some data to consist of at least two elements, known as points or nodes, that are related with one another via relations, known as edges or links.
has super-classes
data structure specification c
has sub-classes
directed graph specification c, knowledge graph specification c

graphical cyclec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000021

A graphical trail which is non-empty and has only the first and the last elements in the sequence of visited nodes refer to the same node.
This strict definition excludes cycles with "bubbles" in them (that is, the node that occupies the first and last positions in the sequence may be visited somewhere in the middle of the sequence too). A graph with a graphical cycle is called a cyclic graph. The length of a graphical cycle is the number of edges involved.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
graphical trail c

graphical pathc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000022

A graphical walk which does not include any repeated nodes.
As a consequence of the limitation on the nodes, no edges are repeated either.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
graphical walk c

graphical trailc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000023

A graphical walk which does not traverse any edge more than once.
The sequence of edges can be infinite or finite. As the nodes are not distinct a node can be revisited.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
graphical walk c
has sub-classes
graphical cycle c

graphical walkc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000024

A sequence which defines either (1) a set of nodes to be visited by traversing the edges that connect members of that set, or (2) a set of edges to be traversed in order to visit a series of nodes.
The typical unit of a graphical walk is a pair of nodes connected by one edge, but hypergraphs (with hyperedges or hypernodes) can violate that constraint, thus we omit it in this definition. Sequence can also be an empty and single component sequence, but are more commonly more than 1.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has sub-classes
graphical path c, graphical trail c

hardwarec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007001

A material entity which is a whole or part of an electronic system that 1) executes commands, and/or 2) processes signals in digital or analogue form.
We acknowledge that the term hardware is often used with respect to computer components. WIthin the scope of HDO we use this class in a wider sense to be able to also accomodate laboratory hardware. In the future more specific subclasses such as computer hardware could be created to accomodate classes like GPU, CPU or HDD. We also acknowledge the use of the term hardware for tools and tooling but find this meaning to be outside of the HDO scope.
has super-classes
b f o 0000040
has sub-classes
sensor c
is in domain of
processes op
is in range of
directs op
is disjoint with
digital infrastructure c

human agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006023

An agent which is a person.
has super-classes
agent c
has members
Christine Lemster ni, Dorothee Kottmeier ni, Gerrit Günther ni, Lakxmi Sivapatham ni, Leon Steinmeier ni, Pedro Videgain Barranco ni, Pier Luigi Buttigieg ni, Said Fathalla ni, Volker Hofmann ni

human communityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001018

A group of persons which have a characteristic in common.
Consider merging / replacing with PCO's human community.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has sub-classes
community of practice c
is in domain of
agrees on op

i a o 0000033c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000033

is equivalent to
specification c

i a o 0000104c back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000104

is equivalent to
plan specification c

identificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006006

A planned process during which the potential identity of an agent is recognized.
When a user logs into a system, he provides a user ID or user name on which basis the user is recognized and its identity is determined. This identity is authenticated based on a provided password or biometrics. Thus, identity authentication is the verification of identification.
Example
identification card
has super-classes
planned process c

identifierc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000047

A string which is used to label and recognisably refers to an entity or class of entities.
This term is broadly defined, as it is used widely - with slight to major changes in meaning - in many different contexts (e.g. within a program code, for authentification purposes, in terms of a physical description). Subclasses of this term can and should be created for more precision.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
string c
has sub-classes
persistent identifier c, unique identifier c

informationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000025

A generically dependent continuant which realises an information role.
Note that in contrast to a signifier, information is dependent on accurate interpretation. Inaccurate interpretation of an signifier would not compromise the existence of the signifier itself, but would result in mis-information.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-0762
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1008-4530
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-818X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-954X
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-2853
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-688X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
is equivalent to
b f o 0000031 and (realizes op some information role c)
has super-classes
b f o 0000031
has sub-classes
data type information c, license information c, provenance information c, specification c, unit information c
has members
observed dangerous goods symbol ni, observed smoke ni
is disjoint with
misinformation c

information rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007022

A role which inheres in a generally dependent continuant, and is realised when that generally dependent continuant reduces uncertainty about the existence, identity, or properties of the entity it represents.
has super-classes
b f o 0000023
is disjoint with
misinformation role c

information technology infrastructurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002031

An infrastructure which is composed of hardware, software, or other digital assets.
Digital assets can be e.g. core data sets or proprietary data.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
infrastructure c
has sub-classes
data infrastructure c, digital infrastructure c

infrastructurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002028

A system which comprises elements that support the functioning or the integrity of another system.
Infrastructure can include basic facilities, installations, hardware, people, and services they offer. There are different types of integrity (technical etc.). There is also the relation between functionality and integrity. Systems can function compromised integrity. In that sense, integrity might be measured on a percentage scale where 0% integrity means no functionality and 100% integrity means full functionality. Because of this scale-thing, integrity is probably a BFO-quality. TODO: Check Comment, Final approval of defintion.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
system c
has sub-classes
information technology infrastructure c

interoperabilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007010

A disposition which inheres in an agent and which is realised when that agent successfully coordinates one or more of its operations with those of another agent.
Interoperation implies that all participating agents are able to complete a joint operation based on the information they exchange. We note that communication is an essential part of the coordination of operations mentioned in the definition.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000016
has sub-classes
interoperability according to the FAIR principles c, semantic interoperability c

interoperability according to the FAIR principlesc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007012

Semantic interoperability which is realised when the formal languages for knowledge representation are (1) broadly applicable, (2) their encodings are FAIR, and (3) they are used to qualify references to other (meta)data.
"Broadly applicable" as used in the I1 subprinciple of the FAIR principles is somewhat ambiguous. It may suggest either that the language for knowledge representation is broadly applied or that it can be broadly applied. In HMC we would favor that such languages are well used by at least the stakeholder communities (i.e. are a de facto standard) and that their technical quality allows even broader use. As opposed to the FAIR principles, our definitions do not directly talk about (meta)data but describe it indirectly through the inter-agent communication. Part of our rationale was that data by itself is not an agent and thus cannot interoperate with someone or something as might be assumed by the wording of the FAIR principles.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
interoperability c

intrinsic metadatac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000026

Metadata which describe properties inherent to data.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-0762
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1008-4530
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-954X
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-2853
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-688X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
metadata c
has members
data encoding ni, data serialization ni, data size ni

JSONc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006001

A data format which (1) is open, (2) established as a standard and (3) is based on the JavaScript Programming Language Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition, and (4) whose rules are published on www.json.org.
JSON is a language-independent data format that facilitates data storage and exchange based on a human-readable format. It was derived from JavaScript, but many modern programming languages include code to generate and parse JSON-format data. JSON filenames use the extension .json. JSON Schema specifies a JSON-based format to define the structure of JSON data to validate JSON files. This could be an instance rather than a class during implementation in OWL.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
data format c

JSON filec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006012

A file which conforms to JSON format.
has super-classes
file c

JSON schemac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006002

A schema that is written in accordance with the JSON Schema specification.
A template that is constructed according to the JSON-Schema specifications, shows how (meta)data is to be structured and allows for validating entered (meta)data according to the template.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
schema c

JSON Schema specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006010

A data format which (1) uses the data format JSON and, (2) adds rules published on https://json-schema.org/specification, to define schemas.
has super-classes
data format c

keyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000027

A role which can be realised by any digital entity when it is used to find and access another digital entity.
In most cases, keys are strings encountered by users and/or programme. In key-value pairs, the key is used to locate one or more values structured in a field (and optionally part of a record). Good keys unambiguously reference their fields.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000023

key-value pairc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000019

Structured data which has structuredness conforming to a key-value pair specification.
A field typically serves as the smallest subdivision of a record. This term has a broad definition which attempts to cover a range of usage in computer science. Precise terminology in different sub-domains varies, for example, relational databasing and object-oriented programming may use terms like data member or member variable which are more narrowly scoped to their application areas. Subclasses for such usage may be created as required.
has super-classes
structured data c

key-value pair specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007027

A data structure specification which requires some data to consist of two elements, the first of which realizes a key role in order to find and access the other element which is a value.
has super-classes
data structure specification c

knowledgec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001033

An abstract representation of an entity which (1) is based on a substantial collection of information, (2) grants its bearer reliable familiarity with that entity, and (3) can be used to reason and take action about that entity.
For example, an expert with knowledge about the salinity range of the Arctic Ocean (constructed from large amounts of information on the topic would be able to reason that a salinity value of 43% is a likely error, rather than a real measurement. We note that the term 'abstract representation' used in this definition should not be confused with the term 'knowledge representation' that is used in the field of artificial intelligence and computer reasoning and typically is a formalised form of knowledge.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has sub-classes
digital knowledge c, semantics c
is in range of
exchanges op

knowledge graphc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001043

A graph which has structuredness conforming to a knowledge graph specification.
A network of real-world entities — i.e. objects, events, situations, or concepts — and the relationship between them. The content of the KG is typically human- and machine-readable. The Google Knowledge Graph is an example of a large-scale knowledge graph used by Google and its services to enhance its search engine's results.
has super-classes
graph c

knowledge graph specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007036

A graph specification which requires a graph to use machine-actionable semantic technology to (1) describe its elements and their instances and (2) qualify the relations between them.
A network of real-world entities — i.e. objects, events, situations, or concepts — and the relationship between them. The content of the KG is typically human- and machine-readable. The Google Knowledge Graph is an example of a large-scale knowledge graph used by Google and its services to enhance its search engine's results.
has super-classes
graph specification c

licensec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002011

A permission which is legally binding, and minimally specifies (1) the parties involved in the permission, (2) one or more entities for which the permission is being made, and (3) a list of rights one party (the licensor) grants to the other (the licensee) over the entities governed by the permission.
A license agreement over digital assets or research outputs, in most cases, is a contract/agreement between the copyright holder of a resource (licensor) and a licensee who wants to use and/or redistribute this resource. A number of standard license-agreements can be found prepared in an ready-to-apply state on the web, such as the creative commons licenses (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/) or MIT lincense (https://opensource.org/license/mit/). Licensing is a legal matter, and this class and its definition are not authoritative.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
is in domain of
grants permission to op

license informationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002012

Information which identifies a license agreement that applies to a resource.
This term pertains to the actual (meta)data used to identify the licensing agreement pertaining to a digital asset. It does not refer to the license agreement itself, which is a legal agreement. Thus information like (1) the string "CC-BY" as the value of a key "license" in a metadata set or (2) a corresponding logo issued by the licensing authority is license information, whereas the full text of the CC-BY NC 2.5 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/) is the actual license agreement.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
information c

listc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007031

Structured data which has structuredness conforming to a list specification.
has super-classes
data set c
has sub-classes
controlled list c, ordered pair c

list specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007026

A data structure specification which requires a data set to consist of a sequence of elements.
has super-classes
data structure specification c

machine-actionabilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00004004

A disposition which inheres in structured data and which is realised when a machine reads that data and performs an action directed or informed by its content.
The disposition is somewhat orthogonal to how deeply the machine understands the information because the machine can completely understand the content without being able to do anything about it, while it would also be possible for the machine to be able to read only a small part of the data and act upon only that part without being able to read the rest of the data. If a machine cannot read data and performs an action (e.g. closes software, produces a warning), this is not due to the machine-actionability of the data, but to a pre-programmed response for non-readable (and thus non-actionable) data in the machine.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
b f o 0000016

machine-operabilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00004005

A disposition which inheres in a concretisation of data and which is realised when that data can be accurately translated into another concretisation and passed through components of a machine.
The disposition is really in the concretisation of the data, i.e. how it is stored. Any data is machine-operable with the right machine which is capable of copying the data (from whatever its concretisation or medium) to another while maintaining its representational value. Machine-operability can apply to data recorded in any way (digital, magnet, punchcards). In even more detail, the processing of data always requires that it is first detected, e.g. a camera taking a picture first detects image data in the observed light rays. Similarly, data stored in memory is being detected before it is processed.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
b f o 0000016

machine-readabilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00004003

A disposition which inheres in structured data and which is realised when a machine accesses and processes that data without human intervention or distortion of any semantic content.
There are different depths of machine-readability, e.g. a machine with a PDF reader program can read enough content of a PDF to understand how to open and display the file contents. Depending on the agent and the data, different elements in the data may be informative. Depending on the file format, data will be readable for a larger share of existing machines.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
b f o 0000016

measurement datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001071

This class is created to be able to discriminate data originating from computational models (HDO_00001069) from those that comes from measurements and experimentation (this class).
has super-classes
quantitative data c

measurement processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001070

A quantification process during which the quantified signifier of a quality stems from an independent continuant.
This class is created to differentiate quantification processes in real-world (= physical) entities that can be measured (i.e. with a tape measure, versus these quantification processes that happen during calculations or computational modelling. Independent continuants encompass material entities (e.g. physical objects) as well as immaterial entities (e.g. the border of a country).
has super-classes
quantification process c

memory addressc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000028

A string which is (1) composed of a fixed-length sequence of digits and (2) references an exact location in a computer's memory.
There is an ambiguity around "location" in much the same way as "address". Here, location is used to denote the actual physical part of the device which stores data. The memory in question is typically understood as the computer's random access memory (RAM).
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
string c
is in range of
points to op

metadatac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000029

Data which are about other data.
Many sources conflate metadata with informative metadata, which would be more rightly called metainformation as not all metadata is informative and some may be misinformative - please refer to definition of "data" and "information". Depending of the type of characteristics being described, metadata can either be contextual or intrinsic. Richness of metadata depends on the application case, for more information please refer to the definition of "rich metadata".
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-0762
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1008-4530
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-954X
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-2853
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-688X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
data c
has sub-classes
contextual metadata c, intrinsic metadata c, provenance metadata c

metadata management toolc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001021

A tool which can generate and/or manipulate metadata.
TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
tool c

metadata recordc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006016

A record which comprises metadata.
has super-classes
record c

metadata schemac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001036

A schema which represents or constitutes the structure of metadata.
A metadata schema is used to (pre-)define the structure of metadata. For example, the arrangement of fields in a BibTex template constitutes a metadata schema to be used by a reference management system. Note that the term "metadata standard" is not a exact synonym of "metadata schema", even though these terms are often used interchangeably. Not all schemata are standardised and not all metadata standards are schemata, however one could have a standard metadata schema.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
schema c
has members
DDI-CDI ni, Dublin Core ni

metadata standard specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001004

A standard specification which pertains to metadata.
It should be noted that the definition of metadata vs. data can be different depending on use and/or application.
has super-classes
standard specification c

metadata validationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007041

A validation during which it is determined whether some metadata record conforms to some metadata schema.
has super-classes
validation c

misinformationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00005003

A generically dependent continuant which realises a misinformation role.
Misinformation is generated due to innacurate interpretation of data or other signifiers. This need not be intentional.
is equivalent to
b f o 0000031 and (realizes op some misinformation role c)
has super-classes
b f o 0000031
is disjoint with
information c

misinformation rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00005002

A role which inheres in a signifier, and is realised when that signifier falsely represents the existence, identity, or properties of some entity.
Misinformation does not necessarily rely on an intent to mislead or misinform.
has super-classes
b f o 0000023
is disjoint with
information role c

modelc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001066

A function which inheres in a bearer and is realised when that bearer allows to estimate the existence, identity, properties, or behaviours of an entity.
Under colloquial use, entities that bear the model function are often referred to as "the model". Also, colloquially the term model is also used as a verb in order to express the process of (computational) modelling, e.g. "i am going to model phenomenon xyz"). The bearer might be material entities such as a scale model of a car, or a generically dependent continuant such as a mathematical formula that models a process. The estimation of properties may be in past (e.g. estimation of the temperature during the big bang), present (estimation of the proportions of a car through a scale model, or the prediction of a parameter based on others) or the future (estimation of a neurons membrane potential in a network). Models are always an abstraction of the entity that they represent. A differential equation can be used to simulate the membrane potential of a neuron over time while the spatial extend and complexity of the neuron itself is reduced to a point process. Further models highly depend on input parameters partly determining the behavior of the model and as such are often loaded with assumptions. In that sense the model output is an estimation that can be interpreted by an agent in order to infer or indicate information about another entity (i.e. existence or else).
has super-classes
b f o 0000034
has sub-classes
computational model c

nodec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000030

An element which belongs to the set of elements linked together in a graph.
From the point of view of graph theory, nodes are treated as featureless and indivisible elements, although they may have additional structure depending on the application from which the graph arises; for instance, a semantic network is a graph in which the nodes represent concepts or classes of objects.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428

object datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000031

Data which an agent acts upon.
Object data is any data which is acted upon by some agent (i.e. is the "object" of that agent's activity). This could include subject data, its associated metadata, or any incidental data acted upon. Naturally, object data must exist prior to the action. TODO: Check synonyms, Final approval
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
data c

obsolete abstract data typec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000044

OBSOLETE. A specification which is expressed in a formal language and defines (1) the set of valid values a member of a data type can assume, and (2) the set of valid operations that can be carried out on a member of that data type.
Abstract data types are theoretical constructs, agnostic to implementation environment and intended to support logically coherent, conceptual development of abstract algorithms or other digital assets. In that sense, they abstract the type of data from the use of that data (e.g. in a programme or algorithm). They can be represented in a wide variety of ways, but offer generalisable properties against which any given implementation can be validated. In the context of a programming language, an abstract data type can specify basic types of data (i.e. boolean, real, char) and related stuctures (i.e. array, struct), as well as more idiosyncratic constructs.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
Is deprecated
true

obsolete copyright informationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001075

OBSOLETE Information which identifies the copyrights a resource is released under.
This is class is obsolete because we decided to integrate it as an object property that relates the class 'copyright' to an entity.
Is deprecated
true

obsolete datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007008

OBSOLETE A generically dependent continuant which is composed of at least two datum instances.
Colloquially, "data" is sometimes used to refer to anything that can be perceived. Here, however, we require that those sense-impressions are encoded such that they can be recorded, transmitted, and understood by at least one agent.
Is deprecated
true

obsolete data formatc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000113

OBSOLETE A format which defines how data is to be structured to conform to an abstract data type.
to be adjusted The terms data format is often used in a loose manner to refer to both the specification of the data structure and the data structure itself. TODO: gloss TODO: see discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/88
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
Is deprecated
true

obsolete data validationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007043

OBSOLETE A validation during which it is determined whether some data conforms to some rules.
The rules involved in data validation can concern various aspects, e.g. correctness or structure.
Is deprecated
true

obsolete file typec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000119

OBSOLETE Information which identifies the file format a structured and unitary collection of data conforms to.
TODO: see discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/88
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
Is deprecated
true

obsolete formatc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000120

OBSOLETE A specification which describes how to arrange an entity's parts such that it assumes a defined structure.
TODO: see discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/88
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
Is deprecated
true

obsolete JSON Schemac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006004

OBSOLETE A specification which defines the requirements that must be met in order for code to be considered a member of JSON Schema
The "application/schema+json" media type is likely equivalent to HDO's "abstract data type", a JSON-based format for describing the structure of JSON data. This term will likely be implemented as an instance of the term "abstract data type", "specification", or "programming language specification" when in OWL. TODO: See discussion in GitLab !81
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
Is deprecated
true

obsolete schema specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001057

OBSOLETE A specification which defines the fields and their arrangement in a data structure.
Merged with schema.
Is deprecated
true

obsolete signifier of a qualityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007024

OBSOLETE A signifier which is the output of a qualification process.
the class is equivalent to existing class `signifier`
Is deprecated
true

obsolete structurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000041

OBSOLETE An entity which is structured.
Structures may be intentional or incidental, relations might be defined explicitly or be implicit. Structures may have only two elements or components, and these may be of different kinds. An entity serving as a frame/scaffold (one component) holding a single entity (another component) meets this definition. TODO: see discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/88
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
Is deprecated
true

obsolete toolingc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001016

OBSOLETE. A collection of tools which is intended for a particular purpose.
The purpose can be to assist an agent in accomplishing a specified set of objectives e.g. within a planned process. The term "tooling" is also used with alternative meaning e.g. when describing the process of getting or making the right tools or equipment for a particular purpose. Within the scope of this glossary (digital assets & software) there are however more precise terms ("programming" vs. "tooling a software"). For that reason, we intend to use the term strictly in the sense of the here given definition. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
Is deprecated
true

obsolete unit of measurement rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000110

OBSOLETE A unit role which is realized when some quality of an entity is used to measure a corresponding quality of another.
Extraneous to unit role - can be inferred if needed.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
Is deprecated
true

ontological graphc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000032

A graph which has a structure conforming to an ontological graph specification.
has super-classes
directed acyclic graph c

ontological graph specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007035

A directed acyclic graph specification which requires a directed acyclic graph to be (1) used to represent knowledge about entities (represented as nodes) by relating them to one another with formalised logical relations (represented as edges), (2) logically coherent, such that it can be reasoned over and used for inference by machine agents and (3) constructed such that nodes further along in a path inherit all the semantic properties of their antecedents.
has super-classes
directed acyclic graph specification c

ontologyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000033

Structured data which uses a formal language to model knowledge about another entity or domain, throuh defining entities (classes) and declaring the logical relationships between them (relations).
This is a broad definition of ontology that is inclusive of both digitised and non-digitised assets (e.g. a set of logical proofs on paper). Specialisations of this term (e.g. ontological graph) can be used for more semantic precision. The term "ontology" can also generally refer to the branch of metaphysics concerned with the types, categorisation, and relationships between things in the world. In this glossary, we concern ourselves only with the computational artifact that encodes some outcome of that domain. Most ontologies will have human-readable node and edge labels, as well as definitions and synonyms for the entities they represent. In this way, they may include terminology functions native to, e.g., controlled vocabularies, thesauri, and taxonomies. Further, most ontologies are encoded in RDF or an OWL serialisation, to support reasoning and querying. Definitions used may be domain-specific and consequently differ between fields. For example, consider the concept "card" which has many different meanings depending on the domain. For example, An ontology about the domain of poker would define it as the "playing card", while an ontology about the domain of computer hardware would define it as a "computer hardware card". We note that if dealing with concepts, there might be an overlap between the term ontology and the term data model.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
semantic artefact c
is in domain of
has data format op
has members
The Dublin Core (DC) ontology ni, The Friend Of A Friend (FOAF) ontology ni, The Music Ontology ni

open datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002027

Data which are open.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
data c

operating systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001053

System software which manages the operation of a specified range of hardware.
The here specified range of hardware pertains to the typical sets of hardware comprised in a computer (e.g. CPU, motherboard, RAM, GPU, sound card). By operating these components an operating system provides common services for application software towards these components. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
system software c

ordered pairc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001032

A list which contains exactly two elements in a fixed order.
Exchanging one or both elements or changing the order would result in a different object.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
list c

OWLc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006014

A data format which (1) defines the structure of data used to represent rich and complex knowledge about things and their relations, (2) is established as a standard, (3) is based on the W3C recommendation (OWL Web Ontology Language Reference), whose rules are published on https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/.
OWL is typically used to generate ontologies (i.e. formalise relations between entities). OWL is built on top of RDF and RDFs and is part of W3C’s Semantic Web technologies.
has super-classes
data format c
is in range of
has data format op

persistent globally unique identifierc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001025

A persistent unique identifier which has had its uniqueness verified against a globally authoritative registry.
This is the ideal PID to realize FAIRness. In general, it is expected that - once created - a persistent unique identifier will be stored in the globally authoritative registry it is verified against. The registry will then prevent duplication of the persistent unique identifier as new identifiers are added.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
persistent unique identifier c

persistent identifierc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000043

An identifier which some agent has committed to maintain - in the long term - as a valid reference to an entity.
In this definition, we are attempting to maintain enough generality to include PIDs which are used in non-networked systems. The agents maintaining persistent identifiers can be diverse, for example, http://hdl.handle.net/ or http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
identifier c

persistent identifier information profilec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000034

A schema which describes the structure of a persistent identifier record.
Both The Research Data Alliance (RDA) and the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) Executive Board provide definitions only for a PID kernel information profile. We note that the creation and maintenance of PID information profiles is a community-centric effort. The challenge is to ensure that profiles generated by communities are recognised and parseable by repositories (or external tools). Profiles that are both recognised and well-implemented will support automated validation and indexing of PID records, allowing a wide range of operations to be performed on the metadata discovered through persistent identifiers. For HMC and other consortia, careful curation and registration of such profiles are strongly recommended, as well as efforts to encourage reuse.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
schema c
has sub-classes
persistent identifier kernel information profile c

persistent identifier kernel information profilec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000035

A persistent identifier information profile which only structures the metadata deemed to be essential for a given purpose.
This definition is intentionally generic and broad - what is considered "core" information can vary dramatically based on application contexts and stakeholder groups. Subclasses and instances of this class can be created for particular purposes.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4322-180X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
persistent identifier information profile c

persistent identifier recordc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000036

A record which is composed of fields primarily about a digital resource referenced by a persistent identifier.
the PID record is usually structured by the PID information profile [add LINK TO PROFILE] and stored alongside a PID
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4344-0837
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-688X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
record c

persistent unique identifierc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000045

A unique identifier which some agent has committed to maintain - in the long term - as a valid reference to an entity.
The agents maintaining persistent identifiers can be diverse, for example http://hdl.handle.net/ or http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
unique identifier c
has sub-classes
persistent globally unique identifier c

plan specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002010

A specification which (1) includes objective specifications and action specifications and (2) is intended to guide agents participating in a process.
This is an HMC variation of an ontological definition from the Information Artifact Ontology, set in alignment to the Basic Formal Ontology's treatment of generically and specifically dependent continuants. We do not include the notions of concretisation or realisation here, but may move towards them in more expressive adaptations of this thesaurus.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
specification c
has sub-classes
data management plan c
is in domain of
guides op

planned processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001011

A process that attempts to follow a plan specification.
The realisation of the planned process will happen by valid execution of the planned process. The planned process may be formalised within a plan specification. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
b f o 0000015
has sub-classes
authentication c, authorization c, calibration process c, computational modelling c, data analysis c, data storing c, data typing c, encoding process c, identification c, qualification process c, quantification process c, service c, technological process c, validation c

pointerc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000037

A programmatic value which contains a memory address.
The definition of "value" in the computer science sense, is still stabilising in this glossary, although should be servicable.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
programmatic value c
is in domain of
points to op

productc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001019

An entity which is the output of a process.
The entity can be object or service. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
b f o 0000001 c

programc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001045

Software which is expressed in a programming language.
TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
software c

program codec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001050

A narrative object in which all propositions adhere to the rules of a programming language.
The definition provided here allows for flexibility to address that code can be concretised in multiple data types (e.g. program code, markdown) and file formats. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b potentially add synonyms source code Quelltext
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
i a o 0000006 c

programmatic valuec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000038

Data which (1) are stored in a computer's memory and (2) which can be manipulated by a program.
The here defined value can be any amount and combination of numbers, characters or else encoding a single signifier. Here, when we refer to "a computer's memory", we specifically refer to the random access memory (RAM). This is not to say that memory addressed cannot be stored elsewhere, but manipulation typically occurs via RAM.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-818X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
data c
has sub-classes
pointer c

programming languagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001046

A specification which defines the rules (syntax and grammar) that can be used to encode instructions to be executed by a processing unit.
Different programming languages provide different levels of abstraction relative to the hardware. A script in python has a higher level of abstraction than instructions that are encoded in binary code. Consequently, the instructions encoded in a programming language require a different level of translation steps in order to direct hardware, depending on what programming language they are implemented in. The use of an interpreter for the execution of a script, or its compilation to binary can be seen as such translation steps. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
specification c

proprietarinessc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001073

A quality which inheres in an entity, by virtue of its properties being defined in a specification which is not publicly released.
has super-classes
b f o 0000019

proprietary file formatc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001074

A file format which is proprietary.
Proprietary formats are typically used by instrument and/or software vendors to store and process data in specific (e.g. efficient, or intentionally inaccessible) ways for a given application. Intentional or not, data encoding in proprietary data formats - to which the specification is unknown - typically results in data and metadata access being impaired or impossible. There are cases where proprietary data formats were opened after some time, i.e when introducing a new version of the proprietary specification. Examples of open proprietary formats are doc and mp3.
has super-classes
file format c

proprietary softwarec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006017

Software which is proprietary.
has super-classes
software c

provenancec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002023

A history which is the sum of those processes relating to the origin, ownership, custody, location, and modification of an entity.
With respect to research data this typically includes all processes and instruments that were used to generate that data, the institutions where is was generated, and the persons operating the instruments or processes. In machine learning and simulation provenance is the key to workflow documentation as software (versions) might be iterated sequentially. I.e. the change of a code downstream will significantly affect input parameters to upstream routines.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000182 c

provenance informationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002026

Information which is about the provenance of some entity.
Provenance interpretation can be generated by correct and meaningful interpretation of provenance data.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
information c

provenance metadatac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002024

Metadata which describe in whole or part the provenance of some entity.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
metadata c

provenance recordc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002025

A record which contains data and/or information about the provenance of some entity.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
record c

qualification processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001061

A planned process during which an agent perceives some quality and creates a signifier thereof.
This is the process which creates a generically dependent contiinuant that represents a specifically dependent continuant.
has super-classes
planned process c

qualitative datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007023

Data which encode a signifier.
has super-classes
data c

quantification processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001059

A planned process during which a signifier of a quality is expressed as a multitude or magnitude.
has super-classes
planned process c
has sub-classes
measurement process c

quantitative datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000112

Data which encode a signifier of a quantity.
Quantitative data are typically expressed in numbers, but for numerical data to be considered quantitative, it must also convey the information expressed in the definition. Quantitative data are expressed by numerical data in connection with a unit.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-818X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
data c
has sub-classes
measurement data c

recordc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000039

Structured data which contains at least one field.
Records are built from fields e.g. Key-Value pairs, and often include additional metadata about those fields in other substructures.
has super-classes
structured data c
has sub-classes
metadata record c, persistent identifier record c, provenance record c

reusabilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002021

A disposition which inheres in data and which is realised when they are validly used more than once.
This definition is for the reusability of data in a general sense. A more specific situation applies to reusability according to the FAIR principles which is defined elsewhere.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000016
has sub-classes
reusability according to the FAIR principles c

reusability according to the FAIR principlesc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002020

Reusability which inheres in data whose metadata (1) are rich, comply with community standards, are associated with detailed provenance, and include links to a clear and accessible data usage license, and (2) are used - in whole or in part - to facilitate multiple, valid, and authorised uses of that data.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
reusability c

richnessc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001029

A quality which inheres in data, by virtue of that data being sufficiently informative to support the completion of one or more planned processes.
The term "rich metadata" is often used loosely, e.g. in the descriptions of the FAIR (sub)principles. We note that the "richness" of metadata is depending on the aims, criteria, and capabilities of the agents that would use it. As such, metadata can only be labelled as "rich" when the complete (or at least a representative) set of use cases, it will be subject to, is known - along with their specifications. Even in the latter case, new (re)uses of the metadata, unknown at the time at which metadata is generated or gathered, can easily arise. Thus it is generally recommended to gather and record all feasible metadata as much as possible. These metadata may cover contextual factors, data structure, administrative aspects, provenance, or/and the results of analyses performed upon the metadata or its associated data. We note that in the case of the FAIR (sub)principles, the richness of metadata is specifically required to realise the findability and reusability or related data. Being informative is a quantitative measurable attribute. Please refer to the definition of information in this glossary for further information.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000019

schemac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000040

A specification which is formalised and concise.
A schema can take many forms with different levels of formality (i.e. from ad-hoc to highly formalised), but the intent is to have a regular and systematic approach to the description of a data structure. A digital schema is often expressed in a formal language (e.g. XML, JSON) such that data can be parsed and validated automatically according to the schema. Alternatively, they might be diagrammatic or illustrative like a schema for a relational database management system.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0833-7989
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
specification c
has sub-classes
JSON schema c, XML schema c, metadata schema c, persistent identifier information profile c

self-informationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007005

A quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the variation in that bearer's qualities or parts.
For example, the self-information of the string "AAAAAAA" is null (no variation), while that of the string "ABRPGE3" is high. This is aligned to the notion of Shannon entropy, which is often derived from the probability of an event occuring: a 100% chance of an event occuring corresponds to zero information (no variation).
has super-classes
b f o 0000019

semantic artefactc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006028

Structured data which encodes semantic relations between entities.
The encoded relations might be between entities which are represented by words or glyps.
has super-classes
structured data c
has sub-classes
dictionary c, graph c, ontology c, taxonomical data c, triple c, vocabulary c

semantic expressivenessc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001031

A quality which inheres in an semantic artefact by virtue of its ability to encode the meaning of data in a form that is accessible to humans and/or machines and allows inference.
The minimum level of semantic expressiveness depends on whether the entity is to be used by human or machine agents. For a human, a simple controlled list of terms can be regarded as a semantic entity as the knowledge possessed by the human can react to and reason over it. However, it would not be, by itself, a semantic entity for a machine agent, which only processes it as strings of data. Machine agents would need some form of structure to establish logically consistent relationships between classes such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and hypernymy. This can be further increased by adding axiomatic relationships with domain and range constraints suitable for machine reasoning. Semantic artifacts include but are not limited to digital glossaries, thesauri, taxonomies and ontologies.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000019
is in range of
has expressiveness op

semantic interoperabilityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007011

Interoperability which is realised when the involved agents use one or more formal languages for knowledge representation to coordinate their operations.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
interoperability c

semantic ladderc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001030

A classification system which is used to hierarchically categorise semantic artefacts according to their semantic expressiveness.
Most common semantic resources that are put into relation in this context are (in increasing grade of semantic expressiveness) Glossaries, Taxonomies, Thesauri, Topic Maps, and Ontologies.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
classification system c

semantic technologyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006029

Technology which enables the encoding and exchange of semantic relations.
has super-classes
technology c

semanticsc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006027

Knowledge which pertains to an entity and relates it to a glyph, string or other representational entity in order to refer to it.
Unambiguous semantics are achieved "in use" or through established context. This can be the use of a word within a sentence where that word is given context by the grammar and other words in that sentence. That may also be by using formalising relations in "semantic artefacts" such as ontologies, which use glyphs or string to label classes and establish relations between one another.
has super-classes
knowledge c

sensorc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006015

A hardware which converts some energy related to a signifier to electrical signals.
For some sensors, the output may already be digital signals and/or data.
has super-classes
hardware c

servicec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001072

Ein geplanter Prozess, bei dem ein Agent eine Aufgabe für einen anderen Agenten ausführt
services
Example
providing a workshop to participants
providing space to storage
has super-classes
planned process c
has sub-classes
web service c

signifierc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007004

A generically dependent continuant which realizes a signifier role.
Example: A fingerprint on a pane of glass that indicates an individual which may have touched the glass at some point in time. In the example, note that the fingerprint itself is not the signifier but realizes the signifier role. The signifier depends on the entity that realizes the signifier role (i.e. the fingerprint) and the entity performing the interpretation (i.e putting the signifier in relation to previous experience) leading to the conclusion that the fingerprint might indicate the interaction of an individual with the pane of glass.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3949-818X
is equivalent to
b f o 0000031 and (realizes op some signifier role c)
has super-classes
b f o 0000031
has sub-classes
signifier of a quantity c
is in range of
processes op

signifier of a quantityc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001060

A signifier which is the output of a quantification process.
During a quantification process an agent perceives a type of count quality which acts is then transformed into an output in form of a signifier of an quantity.
has super-classes
signifier c

signifier rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007003

A role which inheres in a generically dependent continuant and is realized when that generically dependent continuant indicates the existence, identity, properties, or behaviours of another entity.
has super-classes
b f o 0000023

simulation datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001069

Quantitative data which are the output of computational modelling.
has super-classes

softwarec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001023

An action specification whose concretisations direct the actions of hardware.
Software can be implemented in multiple computer languages. We use this as a top-level class to accommodate both ad-hoc scripts which have a more sequential nature, as well as engineered software which has a higher degree of nestedness, usually includes more formal planning and employs rigorous unit and beta testing during implementation. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
i a o 0000007 c
has sub-classes
application software c, database management system c, executable software c, firmware c, program c, proprietary software c, system software c
is in domain of
communicates with op, directs op
is in range of
interacts with op

software agentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006024

An agent which is a software.
We note that any software upon onto other entity during operation and is therefore by design an agent. In data management, a machine agent or a software agent is commonly referred to when a software acts independently and or upon a system that is not its own.
has super-classes
agent c

specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001005

Information which defines the requirements that must be met in order for an entity to be considered a member of a set or a type.
Specifications typically list their criteria in recommendation or guidance documents, and are issued by organisations or interest groups for a field of application. Generally some form of formalisation (i.e. a compiled document) is required in order for these recommendations to be adopted by a community.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
information c
has sub-classes
data format c, data structure specification c, data type c, file format c, plan specification c, programming language c, schema c, standard specification c
is in domain of
specifies op
is in range of
agrees on op, creates specification op, follows op

standardc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002016

An entity which is used as a reference, model, or example to determine membership in a set or a type.
An entity which serves as a standard for a type also meets the criteria in a standard specification for that type. A standard could be a metadata schema, a mapping/crosswalk, a data set, a model, a technical part etc.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
b f o 0000001 c
is in range of
based on standard op

standard specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001001

A specification which describes how to create or modify some entity such that it resembles the standard for a set or a type, allowing it to be considered a member of that set or type.
Different types of standards can be discriminated based on how they came to be, i.e. either through community wide adoption or through sanctioned actions of a legal authority.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
specification c
has sub-classes
de facto standard specification c, de jure standard specification c, metadata standard specification c
is in domain of
based on standard op

standard specification developmentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002019

A process during which a standard specification is created or substantially modified.
This is a part of a complete standardization process
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000015

standardisationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002018

A process during which standard specifications (1) are developed based on the consensus of different parties and (2) are then used in a standards implementation process.
The outputs of a successful standardisation process are said to be standardised or compliant to a standard.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000015

standards implementation processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002015

A process during which some entity is modified such that it meets the requirements listed in a standard specification.
The outputs of a successful standardisation process are said to be standardised or compliant to a standard.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000015

stringc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000046

An data type which is composed of a finite sequence of symbols.
The characters that can be used for a string of a specific data type are typically defined by the underlying abstract data type and encoded according to a character encoding specification (i.e ASCII, ISO_8859 or Unicode).
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
data type c
has sub-classes
file name extension c, identifier c, memory address c, term c

structured datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000005

A data set which has structuredness according to a data structure specification.
In this ontology, the idea of structure (e.g. for a data set) is approached as "structuredness" being a quality of an entity. The "structuredness" can have different kinds and can conform to different "data structure specifications" which might be implicit or explicit. This is how different kinds of structured data can be semantically classified. For example a list has a "structuredness" quality which conforms to a "list specification" which is a subclass of "data structure specification".
has super-classes
data set c
has sub-classes
database c, digital object c, file c, key-value pair c, record c, semantic artefact c
has members
array ni, binary tree ni, hash table ni, linear data structure ni, linked list ni, non-linear data structure ni, object ni, tagged union ni, union ni

structured vocabularyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002003

A vocabulary which is structured.
Please see the definition of "structure". Note that the mentioned structure does not necessarily reflect strict semantic relationships, as it may simply be functional (for a user interface) or convenience grouping. Relations may be encoded as simple as whitespace indentation in a list, or in more complex forms using RDF predicates. The structure could be defined by additional syntax around the terms such as OWL restrictions or SKOS assertions - it can differ depending on implementation. TODO: see discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/88
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
vocabulary c

structurednessc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000118

A quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of that bearer's parts being intentionally held in relation to one another by some means.
Eine Qualität, die einem Träger dadurch innewohnt, dass zwischen seinen Teilen beabsichtigte Beziehungen bestehen.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
b f o 0000019

subject datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000042

Data which an agent has declared as the main focus of a process.
This class has been created to distinguish data based on the intentionality of one or more agents. Data becomes the "subject" of those processes when the agent determines it to be so, prior to or during the process. This becomes especially useful when, for example, a data structure has multiple components bearing data with different roles such as subject data and metadata.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
data c

systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001049

An entity which consists of multiple components that are integrated and behave as a whole.
This is a definition that takes into account the BFO and NCIT defintion. We created this because the BFO definition is unstable at the moment and we intended to have the defnition less restrictive with respect to the neccessity of a system having to be a material entity.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
b f o 0000001 c
has sub-classes
classification system c, cloud-based system c, database system c, digital ecosystem c, digital system c, infrastructure c, technological system c

system softwarec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001052

Software which provides a platform for other software such that they can operate collectively as a single coherent system.
TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
software c
has sub-classes
operating system c

taxonomical datac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002004

Structured data which has structuredness conforming to a taxonomy specification.
A hierarchical arrangement of objects based on how similar they are to one another.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
has super-classes
semantic artefact c

taxonomy specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007039

A data structure specification which requires a data set to encode a hierarchy of entities by using a consistent set of principles of relatedness.
A hierarchical arrangement of entities based on how similar they are to one another. Entities deeper in the hierarchy need to retain all the properties of their ancestors. Terminologies can also be structured as a taxonomy.
has super-classes
data structure specification c

technological processc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001012

A planned process during which technology is applied.
TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
planned process c

technological systemc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001014

A system which can function as technology.
This class will be populated by inference TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
system c

technologyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001013

A collection of entities which explicitly includes knowledge about how to use the other entities as tools in various planned processes.
The entities of such a collection may be but are not limited to tools, methods/techniques, concepts, knowledge systems as well as the skills of personnel to be able to use them. As such it can be seen as the application of knowledge for practical purposes.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
b f o 0000001 c
has sub-classes
Digital technology c, semantic technology c

termc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002005

A string which is associated with a meaning.
Terms can be single words or multi-word phrases.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
string c

terminologyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002006

A vocabulary which is composed of terms used in a domain of knowledge.
Because "terminology" also pertains to the study of terms, it's sometimes used as a broad class to refer to thesauri, ontologies, etc as they are often the output of this study.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2804-688X
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
vocabulary c
has sub-classes
glossary c, thesaurus c

thesaurusc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002007

A terminology which relates terms to one another based on their synonymy or antonymy.
Thesauri often use types of synonymy or antonymy to relate terms to one another, and are often digitally encoded in SKOS. Thesauri may or may not include definitions, in which case they include a glossary as a part.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
terminology c

toolc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001015

A continuant which realises a tool role.
A tool might extend the capability of a user and/or give it the capability to perform a process that is not possible without it. Tools are not part of the entity (i.e. Input) that an action is performed on (i.e. a wrench is not part of the car) and are typically not consumed during the process.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
b f o 0000002
has sub-classes
metadata management tool c

tool rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006026

A role which inheres in a continuant and is realised when this continuant increases the efficiency of a planned process or extend its range of effect.
has super-classes
b f o 0000023

triplec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006019

Structured data which has structuredness conforming to a triple specification.
has super-classes
semantic artefact c

triple specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/hdo.owl#triple_specification

A data structure specification which requires structured data to consist of three elements, that describe an entities (the subject) relation (the predicate) with another entity (the object) in a fixed order.
We note that a triple consist of a fixed order that is subject-predicate-object.
has super-classes
data structure specification c

triple storec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006020

A database management system which supports the interaction with triples.
has super-classes
database management system c

unique identifierc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000048

An identifier which has no exact string matches among all identifiers used in a system.
Note that a unique identifier does not guarantee unambiguous identification. A unique identifier can be (mis)used to refer to two distinct entities. Checks to prevent this must be implemented in digital systems.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
identifier c
has sub-classes
persistent unique identifier c

unitc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000101

An entity which realizes the unit role.
A stick that has been calibrated to be one metre in length and that is used to measure a distance realises a unit role and is thus a unit. The agent doing the measuring records a length of "3 metres". The "meters" in that data is about the relevant property of the unit used to measure the length, and is the "unit information".
is equivalent to
b f o 0000001 c and (realizes op some unit role c)
has super-classes
b f o 0000001 c

unit informationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000111

Information which identifies the unit used to quantiatively express the magnitude of some quality.
This information identifies the magnitude of some entity's quality which was used as unity (i.e. the unit) in the quantification of some numeric data. For example, the "m" in "3 m" is the unit information which identifies that some entity A was used to measure the quality "length" of another entity B, and that entity A thereby realised the unit role in the process of measurement. For units calculated from constants or other means of derivation, we hold that there still is - at the beginning of that chain - some physical entity which bears the unit role. Multiple constants and standard values are often used in these derivations. Ideally, the entity which fulfils the unit role should be standardised.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
information c
has members
meter ni

unit rolec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000047

A role which inheres in an entity and is realized when the magnitude of at least one of its qualities is used as a reference to express the magnitude of the same quality or qualities in other entities.
The quality in this definition refers to physical qualities such as length, duration, weight. If qualities can be related they are neccessarily of the same physical dimension. If a unit role is realised in a process of measurement, the unit is a unit of measurement.
has super-classes
b f o 0000023

validationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00007040

A planned process during which it is determined whether the type or properties of an entity conform to a specification.
In the context of this ontologies most types of validation will pertain to data. Some other types of validation might pertain to scientific equipment or samples however. For now we intended to keep the hierarchy light and therefore did not include a specific "data validation" class which we might consider in the future if instances in this class get too heterogeneous. Data validation is a critical aspect of data management. It ensures that data entered into a system is accurate, consistent, and meets the standards set for that specific system. A failed validation (e.g. of a metadata record against a metadata schema) would render the entity invalid and consequently it would not be a member of the validated set of entities.
has super-classes
planned process c
has sub-classes
data type validation c, metadata validation c

vocabularyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00002008

A semantic artefact which comprises a collection of terms.
Vocabularies in general might not always be recorded or written down explicitly - within the scope of HDO, this is seen as a sematic artefact and therefore data.within the scope. Vocabularies are arbitrarily bounded, but are often restricted to a discipline or area of interest. Technically a vocabulary can consist of 2 terms or more.
Contributors:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-9385
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125
has super-classes
semantic artefact c
has sub-classes
controlled vocabulary c, structured vocabulary c, terminology c

web servicec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001022

A service that is offered via an interface in the world wide web.
A web service is typically a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. The interface could either be a GUI or an API which is described in a machine-processable format. TODO: ongoing discussion at https://gitlab.hzdr.de/hmc/hmc/cct-7-semantics/hmc-glossary-initialization/-/merge_requests/61/diffs#82954dcd4b7d149e4f52b3a0df51f3e2cb416c4b
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000428
has super-classes
service c

XMLc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006008

A data format which (1) is open, (2) established as a standard, (3) is based on W3C recommendation (Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 Fifth Edition), and (4) whose rules are published on https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/.
The main purpose of XML is the serialization, i.e. storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data in a format that is both human- and machine-readable. It is a markup language and file format.
has super-classes
data format c

XML filec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006013

A file which conforms to XML format.
has super-classes
file c

XML schemac back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006009

A schema which is written in accordance with the XML specification.
This class gathers individuals that refer to specific schemas" (can be deleted at a later stage / when in use)
has super-classes
schema c

YAMLc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006011

A data format which (1) is open, (2) established as a standard and (3) whose rules are published on https://yaml.org/spec/.
has super-classes
data format c

Object Properties

aboutop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000001

A relation which holds between a representational entity and the entity or entities it represents, in whole or in part.
Aboutness holds between a representational entity (data, information, knowledge, etc) and the material or immaterial entities which are described or otherwise represented by it. Subspecifications of aboutness will likely follow some of the more clear logic in IAO, with specialisations such as "mentions" and "denotes" wth more complex relations such as "misrepresents" also to be considered.
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125

accessesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006037

has domain
b f o 0000001 c
has range
data c

acts uponop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006040

has domain
b f o 0000001 c
has range
data c

agrees onop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006041

has domain
human community c
has range
specification c

assigns data type toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006042

has domain
data type information c
has range
data c

based on standardop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006043

has domain
standard specification c
has range
standard c

bearsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006038

classifiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006033

communicates withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006039

has domain
software c
has range
software c or agent c

creates specificationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006044

has domain
b f o 0000015
has range
specification c

directsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006045

has domain
software c
has range
hardware c

exchangesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006046

has domain
community of practice c
has range
knowledge c

followsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006047

has domain
b f o 0000015
has range
specification c

generatesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006035

has domain
data source c
has range
data c

grants permission toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006048

has domain
license c
has range
agent c

guidesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006049

has domain
plan specification c
has range
agent c

handlesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006050

has range
data c

has data formatop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006051

has domain
ontology c
has range
OWL c

has expressivenessop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006052

has domain
graph c
has range
semantic expressiveness c

has roleop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006036

has domain
b f o 0000002
has range
b f o 0000023

has_partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

has partop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051

a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Example
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
overlaps op
is inverse of
part_of part of op

i a o 0000136op back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000136

has range
data c

indicatesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006053

interacts withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006054

has domain
computational variable c
has range
software c

is realized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

realized inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000054

Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
Is defined by
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo.owl
Example
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
has range
b f o 0000015
is inverse of
realizes op

managesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006056

overlapsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002131

x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
Term status
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000125

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
r o 0002323
has sub-properties
has_part has part op, part_of part of op

part_ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

part ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050

a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Example
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)

has characteristics: transitive

has super-properties
overlaps op
is inverse of
has_part has part op

points toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006055

has domain
pointer c
has range
memory address c

processesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006057

has domain
hardware c
has range
signifier c

realizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000055

Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
Is defined by
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/iao.owl
Example
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
has domain
b f o 0000015
is inverse of
is realized by realized in op

representsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006058

has range
b f o 0000001 c

serialized asop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006059

has domain
data c
has range
file format c

serializesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006062

is inverse of
specifies op

specifiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006034

has domain
specification c
has range
b f o 0000002
is inverse of
serializes op

stored inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006061

is inverse of
stores op

storesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006060

has domain
data store c
has range
data c
is inverse of
stored in op

usesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006063

has sub-properties
uses process op

uses processop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00006064

has super-properties
uses op
has range
b f o 0000015

Annotation Properties

abbreviationap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMO_0003000

A synonym type for describing abbreviations or initalisms
Example
CHEBI:26523 (reactive oxygen species) has an exact synonym (ROS), which is of type OMO:0003000 (abbreviation)
has super-properties
synonym type property ap

acronymap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMO_0003012

A synonym type for describing abbreviations that are a part of the full name's words, such as initialisms or alphabetisms.
Example
NASA is an word acronym for the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration because the acronym is pronounced. FBI is an initialism (also known as alphabetism) for the US Federal Bureau of Investigation since the letters are pronounced one at a time. JPEG is an acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group but does not count as a word acronym nor an initialism since it is mixed how it is pronounced.
has super-properties
synonym type property ap

alt labelap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel

considerap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#consider

contributorap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/contributor

contributorap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor

createdap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/created

creatorap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator

descriptionap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/description

editor noteap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000116

has broad synonymap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasBroadSynonym

has db xrefap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref

has exact synonymap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasExactSynonym

has narrow synonymap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasNarrowSynonym

has related synonymap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasRelatedSynonym

i a o 0000114ap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000114

i a o 0000115ap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000115

i a o 0000118ap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000118

i a o 0000231ap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000231

i a o 0000424ap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000424

i a o 0000600ap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000600

i a o 0100001ap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0100001

in subsetap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#inSubset

licenseap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/license

noteap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#note

pluralap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001024

r o 0001900ap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0001900

r o 0040042ap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0040042

same asap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs

singularap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001026

sourceap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#source

synonym type propertyap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#SynonymTypeProperty

has sub-properties
abbreviation ap, acronym ap

term statusap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status

titleap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/title

Named Individuals

arrayni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000038

belongs to
structured data c

ASCIIni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001083

belongs to
file format c

BINni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001086

belongs to
file format c

binary treeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000044

belongs to
structured data c

Booleanni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000009

belongs to
data type c

characterni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000013

belongs to
data type c

Christine Lemsterni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7764-1517

belongs to
human agent c

data analysis planni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000028

belongs to
data management plan c

data curation planni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000022

belongs to
data management plan c

data encodingni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000034

belongs to
intrinsic metadata c

data handling planni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000026

belongs to
data management plan c

data processing planni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000023

belongs to
data management plan c

data recording planni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000025

belongs to
data management plan c

data serializationni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000035

belongs to
intrinsic metadata c

data sizeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000032

belongs to
intrinsic metadata c

data storage planni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000027

belongs to
data management plan c

data validation planni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000024

belongs to
data management plan c

dateni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000010

belongs to
data type c

DDI-CDIni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000001

belongs to
metadata schema c

Dorothee Kottmeierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4263-4234

belongs to
human agent c

doubleni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000011

belongs to
data type c

Dublin Coreni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000000

belongs to
metadata schema c

environmental conditionsni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000007

belongs to
contextual metadata c

floating-point numberni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000012

belongs to
data type c

Gerrit Güntherni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6243-1728

belongs to
human agent c

hash tableni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000046

belongs to
structured data c

JPEGni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001084

belongs to
file format c

Lakxmi Sivapathamni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1229-4503

belongs to
human agent c

Leon Steinmeierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-636X

belongs to
human agent c

linear data structureni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000036

belongs to
structured data c

linked listni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000039

belongs to
structured data c

longni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000015

belongs to
data type c

meterni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00000102

belongs to
unit information c

model parametersni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000006

belongs to
contextual metadata c

non-linear data structureni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000037

belongs to
structured data c

objectni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000045

belongs to
structured data c

observed dangerous goods symbolni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001028

symbol for dangerous goods placed on e.g. trucks or on bottles in a laboratory, and interpreted to judge the properties of the containing substance (i.e. acidic, flammable)
belongs to
information c

observed smokeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001048

smoke that is perceived and correctly interpreted to infer the properties of a fire from which it originates (i.e. intensity, burning substance, temperature)
belongs to
information c

Pedro Videgain Barranconi back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0000-4784

belongs to
human agent c

Pier Luigi Buttigiegni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088

belongs to
human agent c

protocol IRIsni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000008

belongs to
contextual metadata c

Said Fathallani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-5890

belongs to
human agent c

sensor typeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000005

belongs to
contextual metadata c

shortni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000016

belongs to
data type c

tagged unionni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000042

belongs to
structured data c

The Dublin Core (DC) ontologyni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000030

belongs to
ontology c

The Friend Of A Friend (FOAF) ontologyni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000029

belongs to
ontology c

The Music Ontologyni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000031

belongs to
ontology c

TIFFni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_00001085

belongs to
file format c

unionni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000041

belongs to
structured data c

voidni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/hob/HDO_10000017

belongs to
data type c

Volker Hofmannni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5149-603X

belongs to
human agent c

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
ni: Named Individuals

Acknowledgments back to ToC

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.